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--- rekoh [2024/05/13 11:40] – [1859: Lawatan Raja Mahmud] sazli
+++ rekoh [2024/09/02 11:43] (kini) – [1896-1900: Permulaan Era Getah] sazli
@@ Line 225: / Line 225: @@
 (Sumber: Pinang Gazette and Straits Chronicle, 25 November 1902, Page 3: {{ :akhbar:pinangazette19021125-1-2-11.pdf ||}}[[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/pinangazette19021125-1.2.11|"Rice Cultivation"]]).
+**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[raja_berayun#peranan_dalam_perebutan_takhta|Raja Berayun: 1857-1859: Peranan Dalam Perebutan Takhta]]**
 ===== 1859: Lawatan Raja Mahmud =====
@@ Line 265: / Line 267: @@
 Latar peristiwa: Setelah tamatnya Perang Klang di Selangor, Frank Swettenham yang telah banyak memainkan peranan dalam campurtangan British di negeri itu telah dilantik sebagai penasihat Sultan Selangor pada Ogos 1874, kemudiannya Pembantu Residen Selangor pada Disember 1874: //"On 4 January 1871 a battered paddle-steamer, the S. S. Pluto , limped into Singapore harbour. Destined for the use of the Straits Governor, it carried on board two Cadets of the Straits civil service, one of whom was Frank Swettenham. Some six months later, in July 1871, another British ship, the H.M.S. Rinaldo , was wreaking vengeance on Malay 'pirates' by bombarding the fort at Kuala Selangor . The connection between these events was not then apparent, and even now may seem to be a cunning historian's device: the Selangor 'incident' turned out to be the prelude of further British involvement in that state, and of the Intervention of 1874 Swettenham was a leading agent. In August 1874 he was sent as an informal adviser to the Sultan, at the end of that year he was appointed Assistant Resident at Langat, and from 1882 to 1889 he served as fully fledged Resident of Selangor. ... Between August 1874 and October 1875 (when Davidson and Swettenham were given temporary appointments in Perak to implement Governor Jervois' policy of direct control) the British officers were generally an asset to the established Selangor authori- ties. Swettenham brought about a reconciliation between Sultan Abdul-Samad and his son-in-law, Kudin; persuaded Mahdi's lieutenant, Raja Mahmud, to 'surrender' and remain at Singapore; audited and systematised Kudin's accounts at Klang; mediated in a dispute between Kudin and Bendahara Wan Ahmad of Pahang with fair success; and otherwise kept out of the way of the Malay rulers by travelling extensively in the state."// (Ernest Chew @ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 57, No. 1 (246) (1984): {{ :buku:10.2307_41492974.pdf ||}}[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41492974|"FRANK SWETTENHAM AND YAP AH LOY: THE INCREASE OF BRITISH POLITICAL 'INFLUENCE' IN KUALA LUMPUR, 1871-1885"]], m.s.70-73).
+{{:gambar:hmsrinaldo-1871.png?600|Lukisan gambaran serangan H.M.S.Rinaldo terhadap Kuala Selangor pada tahun 1871}} \\
+Lukisan gambaran serangan H.M.S.Rinaldo terhadap Kuala Selangor pada tahun 1871 (Stefan Eklöf Amirell, 2018: {{ :lampiran:ojsadmin_02_ekloef_amirell.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.15626/hn.20184102|"Civilizing pirates: Nineteenth century British ideas about piracy, race and civilization in the Malay Archipelago"]], m.s.36): //"HMS Rinaldo bombarding Salangore, in the Strait of Malacca (engraving); 1625891 HMS Rinaldo bombarding Salangore, in the Strait of Malacca (engraving) by English School, (19th century); Private Collection; (add.info.: HMS Rinaldo bombarding Salangore, in the Strait of Malacca. Illustration for The Illustrated London News, 2 September 1871. English School (19th Century)); Look and Learn / Illustrated Papers Collection. © Look and Learn / Illustrated Papers Collection / Bridgeman Images ... This engraving showcases the dramatic scene of HMS Rinaldo bombarding Salangore in the Strait of Malacca. Created by an English School artist in the 19th century, this print captures a significant moment in maritime history. The image depicts the intense naval combat between HMS Rinaldo, a vessel from the Royal Navy, and Salangore, a strategic location in Malaysia. The powerful bombardment is evident as explosions fill the air and waves crash against both ships. This historical event was documented for The Illustrated London News on September 2nd, 1871. The artwork not only highlights the military prowess of HMS Rinaldo but also emphasizes the importance of this region for trade and exploration during that time."// (Media Storehouse: {{ :laman:hms_rinaldo_bombarding_salangore_in_the_strait_of_malacca.pdf ||}}[[https://www.mediastorehouse.com.au/fine-art-finder/artists/english-school/hms-rinaldo-bombarding-salangore-22532164.html|"HMS Rinaldo bombarding Salangore, in the Strait of Malacca (engraving)"]]).
 Pada tahun 1875, Frank Swettenham telah menjelajah sepanjang Sungai Langat, dan merupakan pembesar British yang pertama tiba di Rekoh. Perjalanan beliau dari Bandar Langat (Kuala Langat) ke Rekoh sejauh 57 batu mengambil masa kira-kira 5 hari. Ketika itu Sungai Langat merupakan satu-satunya jalan pengangkutan hasil bijih timah dari kawasan pedalaman. Pada musim kering, perjalanan tersebut mengambil masa 13 hari, akibat aras air sungai yang cetek. Percubaan awal pembuatan [[jalan_reko_telokdatok|jalan dari Rekoh ke Klang]] telah ditangguhkan, oleh kerana kawasan hutan paya yang luas di antaranya: //"Until 1883, when it became a separate administrative district with Kajang as its headquarters, Ulu Langat was merely an inland extension of Kuala Langat. Anderson, for example, in 1824 described the Langat as 'a small river' with about 500 people along its valley, who exported tin and rattan. He did not himself venture so far south in Selangor as this. If he had done so, he would have found that the winding river was navigable to small ships and also tidal to a point some 12 miles upstream from Bandar Langat, with a minimum depth of 12 feet. From that point, the character of the river changed, so that in 1875 it took Swettenham five days to cover a distance of 57 miles from Bandar Langat to Rekoh. He found the river 'very difficult, the current always getting stronger, and the snags were numerous and larger'. From Kajang he struggled on to Cheras and finally to Ulu Langat village, a total distance of 93 miles from Bandar Langat.3 He proposed to bypass the middle stretch with a road, but the land was swampy and so the road was not constructed until the early twentieth century, when the advent of rubber had created both a need and the resources for it. Nonetheless, until lateral roads to link Ulu Langat with Kuala Lumpur and Seremban were built in the 1880s, the river was the only means of exporting tin, and in the dry season the water level dropped so that a heavily laden boat might take 13 days to travel downstream."// (J. M. Gullick @ JMBRAS Vol. 80, No. 2 (293) (December 2007): {{ :buku:10.2307_41493693.pdf ||}}[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493693|"A Short History of Ulu Langat to 1900"]], m.s.1).
@@ Line 408: / Line 413: @@
 **Kanan**: Peta yang sama, versi lain: //"Detailed map of the Malay Peninsula based on surveys by D.D. Daly, Superintendent of Public Works and Surveys, Selangor. Published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society to accompany a paper by Mr. Daly. Original colour. [SEAS5072]"// (Royal Geographical Society, 1882: {{ :laman:antique_maps_at_the_map_house_of_london_-_klang-langat-1882.pdf ||}}[[https://www.themaphouse.com/search_getamap.aspx?id=139909&ref=SEAS5072|"Map of the Malay Peninsula"]]).
-Maklumat lanjut berkenaan tinjauan D.D. Daly: //"The purposes of Daly's surveying in Selangor in mid-1870 are fixing the position and jungle tracks thereto of the principal tin mines. His surveys radiated from Kwala (Kuala) Lumpur in many directions: namely, Kanching, Ulu Selangor, Ulu Bernam, Ulu Gombah, Ulu Klang, Ulu Langat, Sungie Puteh, Recko, Kajang, and intermediate places (Daly, 1882: 394). Without sufficient draughtsman and instruments, Daly was forced to make a sketch survey, according to Swettenham's personal observation of his work (Swettenham, 1875: 250). Therefore, even though he was an experienced surveyor who used to participate in one notable traverse survey in the Northern Territory of Australia, from Adelaide to Darwin, rigorous information could not still be expected from Daly‘s surveying."// (Er-Jian Yeh @ Durham University, 2011: {{ :lampiran:er-jian_yeh_territorialising_colonial_environments_2011.pdf ||}}[[http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3199/|"Territorialising Colonial Environments:
+//"The state of Selangor as depicted on D.D. Daly's 1882 Map of the Malay Peninsula (90). Tin is identified as a resource at five upriver locations in the state. "Damar Sara" (Damansara) is marked in the vicinity of what is today Section 23, Shah Alam. The "Good Road" marked between Damar Sara and Kuala Lumpur was in fact far from adequate for vehicular traffic, which was why it was decided in 1883 to build a railway from Kuala Lumpur to Klang which was completed in 1886."// (Frederic Durant, Richard Curtis, 2013: [[https://books.google.com.my/books/about/Maps_of_Malaya_and_Borneo.html?id=LPGapwAACAAJ|Maps of Malaya and Borneo : Discovery, Statehood and Progress: the Collections of H.R.H. Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah and Dato' Richard Curtis]]).
+==== Latar Tinjauan D.D. Daly ====
+Tujuan utama tinjauan D.D. Daly adalah pemetaan kawasan bijih timah bagi pihak kolonial British di Perak, Selangor dan Sungei Ujong:-
+//"In 1867, the Straits Settlements were placed under the authority of the Colonial Office, and six years later, Britain embarked on an interventionist policy in the peninsula. Sir Andrew Clarke succeeded Sir Harry Ord as governor of the Straits Settlements in 1873, and was tasked with extending British influence in the region. His efforts focused primarily on the states of Perak, Selangor and Sungei Ujong. \\
+\\
+A map produced in 1874 (93) attests to Clarke's expedition to Selangor, where he met the ruler of Selangor, Sultan Abdul Samad, and used the issue of the threat of piracy along the Strait of Malacca to convince him to accept a permanent British Resident. The map shows how limited knowledge of the interior was at the time. Only the mouths of major rivers and a few mountains are shown. Beyond the issue of security from piracy, Clarke's major motivation was to take control of Selangor's important tin mines, including those located in what is today the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, and were at the time under the authority of the Sultan. \\
+..... \\
+As their involvement in the affairs of the peninsula became greater and their position there became more secure, the British began to undertake surveys of the interior. William Barrington D'Almeida (see 87) and Dominick Daniel Daly, in particular, worked on maps of the west coast states of the peninsula in the 1870s. \\
+\\
+These new surveys revealed the topography of the interior and gradually filled in the blank spaces that occupied large parts of earlier maps. In doing so, they made apparent the difficulty of representing landforms. Cartographers around the world faced this problem, including in Europe, where they tried to determine the best way to represent altitude: with shadows, shading or contour lines. The magnitude of this task was especially great in areas such as the Malay Peninsula and Borneo where the land was generally very poorly known. In the absence of aerial photographs, and with few men to take topographical surveys in the jungle, it proved to be a gigantic task. \\
+\\
+In 1882, under the auspices of the Royal Geographical society, Daly published a map of the entire Malay Peninsula (90). While this showed great strides had been made in terms of knowledge of the west of the peninsula, large areas still remained unexplored. The map also shows the cartographer's desire to depict state borders. The delineation of the protectorates, coloured in pastel shades, was almost complete, while dotted lines were used to show the borders of most of the other states, particularly the northern ones of Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu, which were still - symbolically at least - under Siamese authority."//
+(Sumber: Frederic Durant, Richard Curtis, 2013: [[https://books.google.com.my/books/about/Maps_of_Malaya_and_Borneo.html?id=LPGapwAACAAJ|Maps of Malaya and Borneo : Discovery, Statehood and Progress: the Collections of H.R.H. Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah and Dato' Richard Curtis]], m.s. 60-61).
+//"The purposes of Daly's surveying in Selangor in mid-1870 are fixing the position and jungle tracks thereto of the principal tin mines. His surveys radiated from Kwala (Kuala) Lumpur in many directions: namely, Kanching, Ulu Selangor, Ulu Bernam, Ulu Gombah, Ulu Klang, Ulu Langat, Sungie Puteh, Recko, Kajang, and intermediate places (Daly, 1882: 394). Without sufficient draughtsman and instruments, Daly was forced to make a sketch survey, according to Swettenham's personal observation of his work (Swettenham, 1875: 250). Therefore, even though he was an experienced surveyor who used to participate in one notable traverse survey in the Northern Territory of Australia, from Adelaide to Darwin, rigorous information could not still be expected from Daly‘s surveying."// (Er-Jian Yeh @ Durham University, 2011: {{ :lampiran:er-jian_yeh_territorialising_colonial_environments_2011.pdf ||}}[[http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3199/|"Territorialising Colonial Environments:
 A Comparison of Colonial Sciences on Land Demarcation in Japanese Taiwan and British Malaya"]], m.s. 149).
 Menurut Isabella Bird dalam memoirnya tahun 1883, lebih separuh Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ketika itu masih belum diterokai dan tidak diketahui oleh pihak British: //"The map, the result of recent surveys by Mr. Daly, and published in 1882 by the Royal Geographical Society, shows that there is a vast extent, more than half of the Malay Peninsula, unexplored. Its most laborious explorer confesses that "of the internal government, geography, mineral products, and geology of these regions, we do not know anything," and, he adds, that "even in this nineteenth century, a country rich in its resources, and important through its contiguity to our British possessions, is still a closed volume." "If we let the needle in, the thread is sure to follow" (meaning that if they let an Englishman pass through their territories, British annexation would be the natural sequence), was the reason given to Mr. Daly for turning him back from the States of the Negri Sembilan."// (Isabella Lucy Bird, 1883: {{ :lampiran:the_golden_chersonese_and_the_way_thither_.pdf ||}}[[https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/bird/chersonese/chersonese.html|"The Golden Chersonese And The Way Thither"]]).
 ===== 1883: Pentadbiran Para Penghulu =====
@@ Line 677: / Line 699: @@
 (Sumber: Faizal Zainal @ Selangor 10, 10 Januari 2020: {{ facebook:ladang_getah_pertama_-_facebook.pdf ||}}[[https://www.facebook.com/selangordarulehsan10/posts/2534231880193746|"Ladang Getah Pertama"]]).
-**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[ladang_kindersley|Perladangan Kindersley]]**.
+**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[ladang_kindersley|Perladangan Kindersley]] dan [[https://kajang.pulasan.my/inchkenneth_estate|Inch Kenneth Estate (1894)]]**.
 {{:peta:peta-selangor-1901.png?600|Peta Selangor, tahun 1901}} \\