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todi [2021/08/24 06:44] – [Penjualan] sazlitodi [2022/02/08 10:30] (kini) – [Todi di Tanah Melayu] sazli
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-====== Todi di Tanah Melayu ======+====== Todi di Malaya ======
  
 ===== Dirujuk oleh ===== ===== Dirujuk oleh =====
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 ===== Penjualan ===== ===== Penjualan =====
  
-3 jenis kedai todi di Tanah Melayu, terutamanya di Selangor dan Perak: //"In Malaya, areas settled by the majority of Indians were found in the states of Selangor, Perak, Kedah, Johore, Malacca, Penang, and Negeri Sembilan. At the time, Perak and Selangor were the main focus of the British, as they had the largest number of plantations. Toddy sales in Selangor and Perak existed in the three forms of estate, government, and public toddy shops."// (+3 jenis kedai todi di Tanah Melayu, terutamanya di Selangor dan Perak: //"In Malaya, areas settled by the majority of Indians were found in the states of Selangor, Perak, Kedah, Johore, Malacca, Penang, and Negeri Sembilan. At the time, Perak and Selangor were the main focus of the British, as they had the largest number of plantations. Toddy sales in Selangor and Perak existed in the three forms of estate, government, and public toddy shops."// (Dr. Parameswari Krishnan, Dr. J. Hinduja Jayer Raman @ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 10, October 2018: {{ :lampiran:ijhssnet-vol_8_no_10_october_2018-16.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n10p16|"Toddy Business among the Indian Labour in Colonial Malaya, 1900-1957"]], m.s.157).
  
 ==== Kedai Todi Kerajaan ==== ==== Kedai Todi Kerajaan ====
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 ==== Kedai Todi Awam ==== ==== Kedai Todi Awam ====
  
-Kedai todi kerajaan yang dikontrakkan kepada pemegang lesen perniagaan todi, melalui proses tender. 40% pendapatan kasarnya disalurkan kepada Jabatan Kastam: //"Public toddy shops were managed by successful tenderers under government supervision. This shop is run on terms agreed upon between Government and the successful tenderer and hours for the sale of toddy are the same as those of a Government toddy shop. 40% of the gross takings are taken by the Customs Department.//"+Kedai todi kerajaan yang dikontrakkan kepada pemegang lesen perniagaan todi, melalui proses tender. 40% pendapatan kasarnya disalurkan kepada Jabatan Kastam melalui "Sistem 2/5 (//Two-fifths System//)" untuk tujuan pemantauan: //"Public toddy shops were managed by successful tenderers under government supervision. This shop is run on terms agreed upon between Government and the successful tenderer and hours for the sale of toddy are the same as those of a Government toddy shop. 40% of the gross takings are taken by the Customs Department. ... Licensed toddy business in Perak and Selangor began in 1910 under the toddy plantation system. Under this system, the government bought toddy directly from the coconut plantations and supply them to estate toddy shops. As this process complicated the process of supply and supervision of toddy shops, as well as the need for higher rent and revenue, in 1911 the government suggested a tender and licence system to open toddy shops in estates and towns. This new system was well-received, as each retailer has the opportunity to manage their private toddy shop after obtaining their tender and licence. However, toddy shops were still under government purview. In 1912, the government opened tender for toddy shops in each district in Selangor. In Perak in 1918, 21 toddy shops for Larut district and 24 toddy shops for Kinta district were offered under the new tender system. Under the Excise Enactment, the government opened 22 new toddy shops in estates in Kuala Lumpur for the first six months, and 20 shops for the last six months of 1913. In 1914 and 1915, the licence and tender system was introduced state wide in Selangor. Under the licence and tender system, those who wanted to obtain a licence for opening a toddy shop must get the tender from the Customs Department. Usually in Perak and Selangor, priority for issuing licences was given to the highest bidder. However, if the applicant offering the highest tender was suspicious and has caused problems on a previous occasion, licence would be given to the second-highest bidder. ... The relatively easy, wide-spread, and open awarding of licences, as well as disorganised inspection and surveillance of toddy shops led to the selling of adulterated toddy in licensed toddy shops. To prevent this problem, in the 1915 Customs Enactment, the two-fifths system was introduced in Perak and Selangor. The toddy shops in this system were only for estate labourers, and the sales account must be in order. Through this system, each licensed estate or government toddy shop owner must hand two-fifths of their sales revenue to the Customs Department every month, and the remaining profit spent wholly for the facilitation and benefit of the estate Indian labourers. The total amount channelled depended on the number of Indian labourers in the estates, as the Indian labourers in estates spent a large amount of their wages on toddy and faced financial problems in supporting their family."// (Dr. Parameswari Krishnan, Dr. J. Hinduja Jayer Raman @ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 10, October 2018: {{ :lampiran:ijhssnet-vol_8_no_10_october_2018-16.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n10p16|"Toddy Business among the Indian Labour in Colonial Malaya, 1900-1957"]], m.s.157-158).
  
-//"Licensed toddy business in Perak and Selangor began in 1910 under the toddy plantation system.cxxx Under this system, the government bought toddy directly from the coconut plantations and supply them to estate toddy shops. As this process complicated the process of supply and supervision of toddy shops, as well as the need for higher rent and revenue, in 1911 the government suggested a tender and licence system to open toddy shops in estates and townsThis new system was well-receivedas each retailer has the opportunity to manage their private toddy shop after obtaining their tender and licence. However, toddy shops were still under government purview.cxxxi In 1912, the government opened tender for toddy shops in each district in Selangor.cxxxii In Perak in 1918, 21 toddy shops for Larut district and 24 toddy shops for Kinta district were offered under the new tender system.cxxxiii Under the Excise Enactment, the government opened 22 new toddy shops in estates in Kuala Lumpur for the first six monthsand 20 shops for the last six months of 1913.cxxxiv In 1914 and 1915, the licence and tender system was introduced state wide in Selangor.cxxxv Under the licence and tender systemthose who wanted to obtain a licence for opening a toddy shop must get the tender from the Customs DepartmentUsually in Perak and Selangorpriority for issuing licences was given to the highest bidderHowever, if the applicant offering the highest tender was suspicious and has caused problems on a previous occasionlicence would be given to the second-highest bidder."//+==== Daerah Ulu Langat ==== 
 + 
 +//"In Ulu Langat district, there were eight licensed toddy shops in estates, which were the Sungai Rinching, Dunedin, Balau, Semenyih, Glengowrie, Sydney, Bhutan, and Rinching estates, which used the two-fifths system. At the time, the Licensing Board decided to eliminate all public toddy shops and convert them to estate and government toddy shops to facilitate surveillance and inspectionEven though the two-fifths system was introducedmany still sold the doctored or impure toddy for higher profitwhich negatively affected the health of the workers."// (Dr. Parameswari KrishnanDr. J. Hinduja Jayer Raman @ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol8No10October 2018: {{ :lampiran:ijhssnet-vol_8_no_10_october_2018-16.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n10p16|"Toddy Business among the Indian Labour in Colonial Malaya1900-1957"]], m.s.158).
  
 ===== Permasalahan ===== ===== Permasalahan =====
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todi.1629758687.txt.gz · Last modified: 2021/08/24 06:44 by sazli