Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- todi [2021/08/21 07:18] – [Kedai Todi Kerajaan] sazli
+++ todi [2022/02/08 10:30] (kini) – [Todi di Tanah Melayu] sazli
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== Todi di Tanah Melayu ======
+====== Todi di Malaya ======
 ===== Dirujuk oleh =====
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 ===== Penjualan =====
-jenis kedai todi di Tanah Melayu:-
+jenis kedai todi di Tanah Melayu, terutamanya di Selangor dan Perak: //"In Malaya, areas settled by the majority of Indians were found in the states of Selangor, Perak, Kedah, Johore, Malacca, Penang, and Negeri Sembilan. At the time, Perak and Selangor were the main focus of the British, as they had the largest number of plantations. Toddy sales in Selangor and Perak existed in the three forms of estate, government, and public toddy shops."// (Dr. Parameswari Krishnan, Dr. J. Hinduja Jayer Raman @ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 10, October 2018: {{ :lampiran:ijhssnet-vol_8_no_10_october_2018-16.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n10p16|"Toddy Business among the Indian Labour in Colonial Malaya, 1900-1957"]], m.s.157).
 ==== Kedai Todi Kerajaan ====
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 ==== Kedai Todi Ladang ====
-Sumber todi utama bagi pekerja ladang, diuruskan sepenuhnya oleh pengurusan ladang, di bawah kawalan Jabatan Kastam. 40% pendapatan kasarnya disalurkan kepada kerajaan, manakala seluruh keuntungannya digunakan untuk pembiayaan kebajikan pekerja: //"The second type of toddy shop was the estate or plantation toddy shop. The shop is licensed in the name of the estate manager and was managed by estate managers or employers. Some estates employ tappers direct and pay them either on a daily-rate or piece-rate basis, while other estates arrange with licensed toddy tapping contractors for the supply of toddy an agreed rate per gallon. The estate toddy shop is opened from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m.or from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. The Customs Department limits the supply of toddy to the shop to ensure that there is no excessive drinking. This was because the Indian labourers in the estate were the majority consumers in the colonial period. 40% of the gross takings go to the State or Settlement Government as revenue and all the net profits was used for the benefit and welfare of the Indian labourers."// (Dr. Parameswari Krishnan, Dr. J. Hinduja Jayer Raman @ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 10, October 2018: {{ :lampiran:ijhssnet-vol_8_no_10_october_2018-16.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n10p16|"Toddy Business among the Indian Labour in Colonial Malaya, 1900-1957"]], m.s.154).
+Sumber todi utama bagi pekerja ladang, diuruskan sepenuhnya oleh pengurusan ladang, di bawah permit dan perlesenan kerajaan, serta kawalan Jabatan Kastam. 40% pendapatan kasarnya disalurkan kepada kerajaan, manakala seluruh keuntungannya digunakan untuk pembiayaan kebajikan pekerja: //"The second type of toddy shop was the estate or plantation toddy shop. The shop is licensed in the name of the estate manager and was managed by estate managers or employers. Some estates employ tappers direct and pay them either on a daily-rate or piece-rate basis, while other estates arrange with licensed toddy tapping contractors for the supply of toddy an agreed rate per gallon. The estate toddy shop is opened from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m.or from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. The Customs Department limits the supply of toddy to the shop to ensure that there is no excessive drinking. This was because the Indian labourers in the estate were the majority consumers in the colonial period. 40% of the gross takings go to the State or Settlement Government as revenue and all the net profits was used for the benefit and welfare of the Indian labourers."// (Dr. Parameswari Krishnan, Dr. J. Hinduja Jayer Raman @ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 10, October 2018: {{ :lampiran:ijhssnet-vol_8_no_10_october_2018-16.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n10p16|"Toddy Business among the Indian Labour in Colonial Malaya, 1900-1957"]], m.s.154).
 ==== Kedai Todi Awam ====
-Kedai todi kerajaan yang dikontrakkan melalui proses tender. 40% pendapatan kasarnya disalurkan kepada Jabatan Kastam: //"Public toddy shops were managed by successful tenderers under government supervision. This shop is run on terms agreed upon between Government and the successful tenderer and hours for the sale of toddy are the same as those of a Government toddy shop. 40% of the gross takings are taken by the Customs Department. There are 3 such shops in Trengganu and toddy there is perhaps the cheapest. If he wants, a toddy shop salesman can make something extra in addition to his pay. The usual trick is to pour the toddy from a height so that there is plenty of froth and thus, the customer is about ½ inch in short supply in his pint mug.//"
+Kedai todi kerajaan yang dikontrakkan kepada pemegang lesen perniagaan todi, melalui proses tender. 40% pendapatan kasarnya disalurkan kepada Jabatan Kastam melalui "Sistem 2/5 (//Two-fifths System//)" untuk tujuan pemantauan: //"Public toddy shops were managed by successful tenderers under government supervision. This shop is run on terms agreed upon between Government and the successful tenderer and hours for the sale of toddy are the same as those of a Government toddy shop. 40% of the gross takings are taken by the Customs Department. ... Licensed toddy business in Perak and Selangor began in 1910 under the toddy plantation system. Under this system, the government bought toddy directly from the coconut plantations and supply them to estate toddy shops. As this process complicated the process of supply and supervision of toddy shops, as well as the need for higher rent and revenue, in 1911 the government suggested a tender and licence system to open toddy shops in estates and towns. This new system was well-received, as each retailer has the opportunity to manage their private toddy shop after obtaining their tender and licence. However, toddy shops were still under government purview. In 1912, the government opened tender for toddy shops in each district in Selangor. In Perak in 1918, 21 toddy shops for Larut district and 24 toddy shops for Kinta district were offered under the new tender system. Under the Excise Enactment, the government opened 22 new toddy shops in estates in Kuala Lumpur for the first six months, and 20 shops for the last six months of 1913. In 1914 and 1915, the licence and tender system was introduced state wide in Selangor. Under the licence and tender system, those who wanted to obtain a licence for opening a toddy shop must get the tender from the Customs Department. Usually in Perak and Selangor, priority for issuing licences was given to the highest bidder. However, if the applicant offering the highest tender was suspicious and has caused problems on a previous occasion, licence would be given to the second-highest bidder. ... The relatively easy, wide-spread, and open awarding of licences, as well as disorganised inspection and surveillance of toddy shops led to the selling of adulterated toddy in licensed toddy shops. To prevent this problem, in the 1915 Customs Enactment, the two-fifths system was introduced in Perak and Selangor. The toddy shops in this system were only for estate labourers, and the sales account must be in order. Through this system, each licensed estate or government toddy shop owner must hand two-fifths of their sales revenue to the Customs Department every month, and the remaining profit spent wholly for the facilitation and benefit of the estate Indian labourers. The total amount channelled depended on the number of Indian labourers in the estates, as the Indian labourers in estates spent a large amount of their wages on toddy and faced financial problems in supporting their family."// (Dr. Parameswari Krishnan, Dr. J. Hinduja Jayer Raman @ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 10, October 2018: {{ :lampiran:ijhssnet-vol_8_no_10_october_2018-16.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n10p16|"Toddy Business among the Indian Labour in Colonial Malaya, 1900-1957"]], m.s.157-158).
+==== Daerah Ulu Langat ====
+//"In Ulu Langat district, there were eight licensed toddy shops in estates, which were the Sungai Rinching, Dunedin, Balau, Semenyih, Glengowrie, Sydney, Bhutan, and Rinching estates, which used the two-fifths system. At the time, the Licensing Board decided to eliminate all public toddy shops and convert them to estate and government toddy shops to facilitate surveillance and inspection. Even though the two-fifths system was introduced, many still sold the doctored or impure toddy for higher profit, which negatively affected the health of the workers."// (Dr. Parameswari Krishnan, Dr. J. Hinduja Jayer Raman @ International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 10, October 2018: {{ :lampiran:ijhssnet-vol_8_no_10_october_2018-16.pdf ||}}[[http://dx.doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v8n10p16|"Toddy Business among the Indian Labour in Colonial Malaya, 1900-1957"]], m.s.158).
 ===== Permasalahan =====
@@ Line 72: / Line 75: @@
 [[start#pengakuan_pentingkami_bukan_ahli_sejarah|Pengakuan penting: Kami bukan ahli sejarah! Sila klik di sini untuk penjelasan lanjut.]]