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| penghulu_kolonial [2021/09/26 21:27] – [1883: Ulu Langat, selepas Raja Kahar] sazli | penghulu_kolonial [2024/03/06 07:30] (kini) – [1904-10-17: Raja Hussein Menjadi Penghulu Cheras] sazli |
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| Cara perlantikan Penghulu: dilantik oleh Sultan dalam majlis negeri, setelah diusulkan oleh jawatankuasa Penghulu dan diluluskan oleh Residen. Kriteria utama pemilihan ialah orang tempatan (kecuali jika ada terdapat konflik), populariti, perwatakan, dan tahap pendidikan. Keutamaan kriteria ini berbeza-beza mengikut negeri: //"The Penghulus in each state were appointed by the Ruler-in-Council after they were recommended by a Penghulu Committee and approved by the Resident. The policy of Penghulu recruitment, however, varied from state to state according to local conditions. In general the recruitment was determined by three common criteria: local origin and popularity, force of character, and educational attainment. But the weight attached to each of these factors in the selection of Penghulus varied from state to state. In In Pahang, owing to the relatively undeveloped character of the state, the territorial factor was paramount and Penghulus were appointed from the most suitable men in the mukims. Only when there were no suitable local candidates or when the mukims were split into rival factions were outsiders appointed. In Perak and Selangor more attention was paid to the other two factors. Owing to the presence of large communities of immigrant Malays, a strong man was considered essential in many mukims in Selangor. Negri Sembilan also tended to appoint Penghulus who had a strong personality and had performed outdoor duties in the district. Apart from these qualities, Penghulus were occasionally appointed on account of purely local considerations. For instance, in the Tampin and Kuala Pilah Districts Penghulus must be Rembau Malays because their duties invariably affected the Adat. Until the 1930's the intervention of the Ruler or the Undang was at times decisive in the appointment of a particular Penghulu, even against the vehement protest of the District Officer concerned."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 87-88). | Cara perlantikan Penghulu: dilantik oleh Sultan dalam majlis negeri, setelah diusulkan oleh jawatankuasa Penghulu dan diluluskan oleh Residen. Kriteria utama pemilihan ialah orang tempatan (kecuali jika ada terdapat konflik), populariti, perwatakan, dan tahap pendidikan. Keutamaan kriteria ini berbeza-beza mengikut negeri: //"The Penghulus in each state were appointed by the Ruler-in-Council after they were recommended by a Penghulu Committee and approved by the Resident. The policy of Penghulu recruitment, however, varied from state to state according to local conditions. In general the recruitment was determined by three common criteria: local origin and popularity, force of character, and educational attainment. But the weight attached to each of these factors in the selection of Penghulus varied from state to state. In In Pahang, owing to the relatively undeveloped character of the state, the territorial factor was paramount and Penghulus were appointed from the most suitable men in the mukims. Only when there were no suitable local candidates or when the mukims were split into rival factions were outsiders appointed. In Perak and Selangor more attention was paid to the other two factors. Owing to the presence of large communities of immigrant Malays, a strong man was considered essential in many mukims in Selangor. Negri Sembilan also tended to appoint Penghulus who had a strong personality and had performed outdoor duties in the district. Apart from these qualities, Penghulus were occasionally appointed on account of purely local considerations. For instance, in the Tampin and Kuala Pilah Districts Penghulus must be Rembau Malays because their duties invariably affected the Adat. Until the 1930's the intervention of the Ruler or the Undang was at times decisive in the appointment of a particular Penghulu, even against the vehement protest of the District Officer concerned."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 87-88). |
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| ===== 1930-an: Penghulu sebagai Pegawai Kerajaan ===== | ===== 1904-10-17: Cheras: Penghulu Raja Hussein ===== |
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| | //"Raja Hussein, the new Penghulu of Cheras reported himself on the 17th. An English Speaking Penghulu is a novelty in this part of the country. ... - O.F.Stonor. District Officer, Ulu Langat."// (Arkib Negara 1957/0119358W, 14/11/1904: {{ :arkib:19570119358d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/group/asset/1380953|"MONTHLY REPORT FOR OCTOBER, 1904"]]). |
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| | ===== 1920-1940: Penghulu sebagai Pegawai Kerajaan ===== |
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| Menjelang tahun 1930-an, jawatan penghulu beransur menjadi seakan sebahagian daripada pegawai kerajaan British. Pemilihan lantikannya adalah berdasarkan kecekapan dan tahap pendidikan, bukan lagi keturunan. //"After Federation the Penghulu administration gradually developed into a mukim bureaucracy. The Penghulu schemes of the various states came to embody terms of service somewhat similar to those of ordinary government servants. Hereditary successions, still important in pre-Federation days, were now rare. By the 1930's the practice was to appoint Assistant Penghulus who would eventually be promoted to Penghulus on grounds of efficiency. The recruitment of Penghulus came to resemble that of ordinary government officers at least in Selangor and Perak. In 1935 Selangor introduced a Penghulu Scheme in which the selection of Penghulus was mainly determined by educational qualification and general knowledge. Suitable candidates were selected as Assistant Penghulus after an oral and written examination on Malay composition, general knowledge and History of Selangor. To be promoted to a Penghuluship, these assistants were required to pass an oral examination on certain sections of the Land Code and Land Regulations, the Criminal and Civil Code, and the General Orders. ... The Penghulu was the leader of social life in the mukim. His office and functions raised him above the ra'ayat. and this was enhanced by a kuasa from the Ruler. ..."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 88). | Menjelang tahun 1930-an, jawatan penghulu beransur menjadi seakan sebahagian daripada pegawai kerajaan British. Pemilihan lantikannya adalah berdasarkan kecekapan dan tahap pendidikan, bukan lagi keturunan. //"After Federation the Penghulu administration gradually developed into a mukim bureaucracy. The Penghulu schemes of the various states came to embody terms of service somewhat similar to those of ordinary government servants. Hereditary successions, still important in pre-Federation days, were now rare. By the 1930's the practice was to appoint Assistant Penghulus who would eventually be promoted to Penghulus on grounds of efficiency. The recruitment of Penghulus came to resemble that of ordinary government officers at least in Selangor and Perak. In 1935 Selangor introduced a Penghulu Scheme in which the selection of Penghulus was mainly determined by educational qualification and general knowledge. Suitable candidates were selected as Assistant Penghulus after an oral and written examination on Malay composition, general knowledge and History of Selangor. To be promoted to a Penghuluship, these assistants were required to pass an oral examination on certain sections of the Land Code and Land Regulations, the Criminal and Civil Code, and the General Orders. ... The Penghulu was the leader of social life in the mukim. His office and functions raised him above the ra'ayat. and this was enhanced by a kuasa from the Ruler. ..."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 88). |
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| Dengan berkembangnya kegiatan ekonomi serta kepelbagaian masyarakatnya, bidang tugasan dan pengurusan penghulu kian membesar. Beliau dibantu oleh Kadi (bidang pengurusan dan pengadilan berkaitan keagamaan) dan Ketua Kampung (wakil setiap kampung, biasanya mengikut suku penduduk kampung tersebut): //"As the agent of the government in the village, the Penghulu performed numerous functions such as maintaining order and settling disputes. However during the interwar years he no longer collected revenue in the mukim, a major function of his 19th century predecessor. After 1933 he also stopped sitting in judgement over Europeans guilty of petty offences. Though the official reason was that Penghulus were reluctant to convict Europeans, this ruling was probably also influenced by the desire to maintain white prestige. In other directions the duties of the Penghulu increased enormously during the interwar period. For instance, he had to help enforce rubber restriction, assist land settlement and alienation, and supervise village night-markets. In undertaking these multifarious duties, the Penghulu was assisted by the kathis and (in Selangor and Perak) the ketuas kampong (village Elders). The kathi, a post which in the opinion of one District Officer ’perfectly suited the Malay temperament', settled religious disputes, solemnised muslim marriages, administered the law relating to divorce and inheritance of property, and tried minor cases of matrimonial offences and breaches of religious observances. The Ketuas Kampong were officially appointed during the first decade of this century to help the Penghulus tackle the vast increase of work in the mukim ard control the large immigrant Malay communities in Perak and Selangor. The Ketua Kampong advised the Penghulu on village development, served notices, and discharged other minor duties. Generally Penghulus found Ketuas Kampong of local Malay origin easy to cope with and at times, not closely supervised by District Officers, left all the work to them. But Ketuas Kampong of immigrant stock, who formed the majority in Selangor, were extremely difficult to handle when they were hostile to the Penghulu. Such frictions fortunately were not frequent, and by the 1930's the Ketuas Kampong had come to provide the 'local touch' to the mukim administration in Selangor and Perak. To a significant extent, what the new breed of Penghulus lacked in village ties was corrected by the Ketuas Kampong."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 90-91). | Dengan berkembangnya kegiatan ekonomi serta kepelbagaian masyarakatnya, bidang tugasan dan pengurusan penghulu kian membesar. Beliau dibantu oleh Kadi (bidang pengurusan dan pengadilan berkaitan keagamaan) dan Ketua Kampung (wakil setiap kampung, biasanya mengikut suku penduduk kampung tersebut): //"As the agent of the government in the village, the Penghulu performed numerous functions such as maintaining order and settling disputes. However during the interwar years he no longer collected revenue in the mukim, a major function of his 19th century predecessor. After 1933 he also stopped sitting in judgement over Europeans guilty of petty offences. Though the official reason was that Penghulus were reluctant to convict Europeans, this ruling was probably also influenced by the desire to maintain white prestige. In other directions the duties of the Penghulu increased enormously during the interwar period. For instance, he had to help enforce rubber restriction, assist land settlement and alienation, and supervise village night-markets. In undertaking these multifarious duties, the Penghulu was assisted by the kathis and (in Selangor and Perak) the ketuas kampong (village Elders). The kathi, a post which in the opinion of one District Officer ’perfectly suited the Malay temperament', settled religious disputes, solemnised muslim marriages, administered the law relating to divorce and inheritance of property, and tried minor cases of matrimonial offences and breaches of religious observances. The Ketuas Kampong were officially appointed during the first decade of this century to help the Penghulus tackle the vast increase of work in the mukim ard control the large immigrant Malay communities in Perak and Selangor. The Ketua Kampong advised the Penghulu on village development, served notices, and discharged other minor duties. Generally Penghulus found Ketuas Kampong of local Malay origin easy to cope with and at times, not closely supervised by District Officers, left all the work to them. But Ketuas Kampong of immigrant stock, who formed the majority in Selangor, were extremely difficult to handle when they were hostile to the Penghulu. Such frictions fortunately were not frequent, and by the 1930's the Ketuas Kampong had come to provide the 'local touch' to the mukim administration in Selangor and Perak. To a significant extent, what the new breed of Penghulus lacked in village ties was corrected by the Ketuas Kampong."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 90-91). |
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