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--- penghulu_kolonial [2021/09/26 17:31] – [1883: Ulu Langat, selepas Raja Kahar] sazli
+++ penghulu_kolonial [2024/03/06 07:30] (kini) – [1904-10-17: Raja Hussein Menjadi Penghulu Cheras] sazli
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Tunku Abdul Kahar [Tahir], Raja yang menjaga Kajang (Wangsa Mahkota Selangor, 19 Jan 2014: {{ :laman:y.a.m._tunku_abdul_kahar_tahir_ibni_almarhum_sultan_sir_abdu_l_samad_shah_wangsa_mahkota_selangor.pdf ||}}[[https://wangsamahkota.wordpress.com/2014/01/19/y-a-m-tunku-abdul-kahar-tahir-ibni-almarhum-sultan-sir-abdul-samad-shah/|"Y.A.M. Tunku Abdul Kahar [Tahir] ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir ‘Abdu’l Samad Shah"]]) (SEKRETARIAT AKHBAR KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR, 2019: {{ :laman:portal_kerajaan_negeri_selangor_darul_ehsan.pdf ||}}[[https://www.selangor.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/124|"SEJARAH NEGERI SELANGOR"]]).
-Pada tahun 1883, pihak British diwakili Syers telah mengambil alih pengurusan daerah Ulu Langat daripada Raja Kahar. Antara para penghulunya ketika ini ialah Raja Mahmud (Ulu Semenyih), Raja Daud (Ulu Langat), dan [[rekoh#kampung_rekoh|Syed Yahya (Cheras)]]: //"In 1883 the semi-traditional regime of Raja Kahar as Malay Magistrate was replaced by the formal creation of the Ulu Langat administrative district, though shortage of staff made it necessary that Syers, the superintendent of police, should act temporarily as the first district officer. The district was divided into five mukim (subdistrict), each in the charge of a Malay penghulu (headman), three of whom deserve mention. Raja Mahmud of Ulu Semenyih was the youngest son of Sultan Mohamed, who in his last years appointed Mahmud, a boy of about 10, to the post of Raja Muda. But in the power struggle that followed his father's death in 1857, Mahmud lost the succession (and the office of Raja Muda) and retired to the periphery of his lost kingdom. In the absence of an established local Malay dominant family, Mahmud, who was intelligent and capable, became the recognized leader of the Ulu Langat Malay community. Raja Daud of Ulu Langat mukim had, as a young man, been the paramour of the wife of Sultan Abdullah of Perak (r. 1874-6). He was 'a man of pleasing features, extremely quiet, and of courtly manners [which] ... concealed a firm determination and a dauntless courage'. In his later years at Ulu Langat, Daud was 'a charming old man to meet' and no one would have suspected his scandalous past. Syed Yahya, penghulu of Cheras, was the son of an Achehnese immigrant, Syed Idris, who had settled at Rekoh. After his death, he became a saint whose tomb was a local keramat (shrine). Yahya had married the daughter of his predecessor, Che Ngah, and, like his father, he was 'a great advocate of pepper planting' with 3 acres under 7,000 pepper vines. But his efforts to persuade his people to follow his example were ineffective as 'the want of money is the stumbling block'. It was one sign, among many, of the gap between the general body of Sumatran settlers and the upper-class penghulu."// ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Gullick|J.M. Gullick]], 2007: {{ :buku:a_short_history_of_ulu_langat.pdf ||}}[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493693|"A Short History of Ulu Langat to 1900"]]), m.s. 11-12).
+Pada tahun 1883, pihak British diwakili Syers telah mengambil alih pengurusan daerah Ulu Langat daripada Raja Kahar. Antara para penghulunya ketika ini ialah Raja Mahmud (Ulu Semenyih), Raja Daud (Ulu Langat), dan [[penghulu_syed_yahya|Syed Yahya (Cheras)]]: //"In 1883 the semi-traditional regime of Raja Kahar as Malay Magistrate was replaced by the formal creation of the Ulu Langat administrative district, though shortage of staff made it necessary that Syers, the superintendent of police, should act temporarily as the first district officer. The district was divided into five mukim (subdistrict), each in the charge of a Malay penghulu (headman), three of whom deserve mention. Raja Mahmud of Ulu Semenyih was the youngest son of Sultan Mohamed, who in his last years appointed Mahmud, a boy of about 10, to the post of Raja Muda. But in the power struggle that followed his father's death in 1857, Mahmud lost the succession (and the office of Raja Muda) and retired to the periphery of his lost kingdom. In the absence of an established local Malay dominant family, Mahmud, who was intelligent and capable, became the recognized leader of the Ulu Langat Malay community. Raja Daud of Ulu Langat mukim had, as a young man, been the paramour of the wife of Sultan Abdullah of Perak (r. 1874-6). He was 'a man of pleasing features, extremely quiet, and of courtly manners [which] ... concealed a firm determination and a dauntless courage'. In his later years at Ulu Langat, Daud was 'a charming old man to meet' and no one would have suspected his scandalous past. Syed Yahya, penghulu of Cheras, was the son of an Achehnese immigrant, Syed Idris, who had settled at Rekoh. After his death, he became a saint whose tomb was a local keramat (shrine). Yahya had married the daughter of his predecessor, Che Ngah, and, like his father, he was 'a great advocate of pepper planting' with 3 acres under 7,000 pepper vines. But his efforts to persuade his people to follow his example were ineffective as 'the want of money is the stumbling block'. It was one sign, among many, of the gap between the general body of Sumatran settlers and the upper-class penghulu."// ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Gullick|J.M. Gullick]], 2007: {{ :buku:a_short_history_of_ulu_langat.pdf ||}}[[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493693|"A Short History of Ulu Langat to 1900"]]), m.s. 11-12).
-Sedikit perihal [[rekoh#kampung_rekoh|Syed Yahya]] (Penghulu Cheras):-
+**LATAR PERISTIWA: [[penghulu_syed_yahya|Penghulu Syed Yahya, Cheras]]**.
-  * [[rekoh#lawatan_jp_rodger_dan_hc_syers|18/03/1883: Lawatan J.P. Rodger dan H.C. Syers]]: Pernah menawarkan khidmat pembinaan sebahagian Jalan Cheras-Pudu.
-  * Sekitar 1883-1898: Memiliki tanah dan sebuah rumah di [[rekoh#kampung_rekoh|Kampung Rekoh. Rumah ini telah musnah dalam sebuah kebakaran beberapa tahun sebelum 1898]].
 ===== 1887-01-01: Rekoh: Penghulu Che Man =====
@@ Line 44: / Line 42: @@
 Cara perlantikan Penghulu: dilantik oleh Sultan dalam majlis negeri, setelah diusulkan oleh jawatankuasa Penghulu dan diluluskan oleh Residen. Kriteria utama pemilihan ialah orang tempatan (kecuali jika ada terdapat konflik), populariti, perwatakan, dan tahap pendidikan. Keutamaan kriteria ini berbeza-beza mengikut negeri: //"The Penghulus in each state were appointed by the Ruler-in-Council after they were recommended by a Penghulu Committee and approved by the Resident. The policy of Penghulu recruitment, however, varied from state to state according to local conditions. In general the recruitment was determined by three common criteria: local origin and popularity, force of character, and educational attainment. But the weight attached to each of these factors in the selection of Penghulus varied from state to state. In In Pahang, owing to the relatively undeveloped character of the state, the territorial factor was paramount and Penghulus were appointed from the most suitable men in the mukims. Only when there were no suitable local candidates or when the mukims were split into rival factions were outsiders appointed. In Perak and Selangor more attention was paid to the other two factors. Owing to the presence of large communities of immigrant Malays, a strong man was considered essential in many mukims in Selangor. Negri Sembilan also tended to appoint Penghulus who had a strong personality and had performed outdoor duties in the district. Apart from these qualities, Penghulus were occasionally appointed on account of purely local considerations. For instance, in the Tampin and Kuala Pilah Districts Penghulus must be Rembau Malays because their duties invariably affected the Adat. Until the 1930's the intervention of the Ruler or the Undang was at times decisive in the appointment of a particular Penghulu, even against the vehement protest of the District Officer concerned."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 87-88).
-===== 1930-an: Penghulu sebagai Pegawai Kerajaan =====
+===== 1904-10-17: Cheras: Penghulu Raja Hussein =====
+//"Raja Hussein, the new Penghulu of Cheras reported himself on the 17th. An English Speaking Penghulu is a novelty in this part of the country. ... - O.F.Stonor. District Officer, Ulu Langat."// (Arkib Negara 1957/0119358W, 14/11/1904: {{ :arkib:19570119358d02.pdf ||}}[[https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/group/asset/1380953|"MONTHLY REPORT FOR OCTOBER, 1904"]]).
+===== 1920-1940: Penghulu sebagai Pegawai Kerajaan =====
 Menjelang tahun 1930-an, jawatan penghulu beransur menjadi seakan sebahagian daripada pegawai kerajaan British. Pemilihan lantikannya adalah berdasarkan kecekapan dan tahap pendidikan, bukan lagi keturunan. //"After Federation the Penghulu administration gradually developed into a mukim bureaucracy. The Penghulu schemes of the various states came to embody terms of service somewhat similar to those of ordinary government servants. Hereditary successions, still important in pre-Federation days, were now rare. By the 1930's the practice was to appoint Assistant Penghulus who would eventually be promoted to Penghulus on grounds of efficiency. The recruitment of Penghulus came to resemble that of ordinary government officers at least in Selangor and Perak. In 1935 Selangor introduced a Penghulu Scheme in which the selection of Penghulus was mainly determined by educational qualification and general knowledge. Suitable candidates were selected as Assistant Penghulus after an oral and written examination on Malay composition, general knowledge and History of Selangor. To be promoted to a Penghuluship, these assistants were required to pass an oral examination on certain sections of the Land Code and Land Regulations, the Criminal and Civil Code, and the General Orders. ... The Penghulu was the leader of social life in the mukim. His office and functions raised him above the ra'ayat. and this was enhanced by a kuasa from the Ruler. ..."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 88).
 Dengan berkembangnya kegiatan ekonomi serta kepelbagaian masyarakatnya, bidang tugasan dan pengurusan penghulu kian membesar. Beliau dibantu oleh Kadi (bidang pengurusan dan pengadilan berkaitan keagamaan) dan Ketua Kampung (wakil setiap kampung, biasanya mengikut suku penduduk kampung tersebut): //"As the agent of the government in the village, the Penghulu performed numerous functions such as maintaining order and settling disputes. However during the interwar years he no longer collected revenue in the mukim, a major function of his 19th century predecessor. After 1933 he also stopped sitting in judgement over Europeans guilty of petty offences. Though the official reason was that Penghulus were reluctant to convict Europeans, this ruling was probably also influenced by the desire to maintain white prestige. In other directions the duties of the Penghulu increased enormously during the interwar period. For instance, he had to help enforce rubber restriction, assist land settlement and alienation, and supervise village night-markets. In undertaking these multifarious duties, the Penghulu was assisted by the kathis and (in Selangor and Perak) the ketuas kampong (village Elders). The kathi, a post which in the opinion of one District Officer ’perfectly suited the Malay temperament', settled religious disputes, solemnised muslim marriages, administered the law relating to divorce and inheritance of property, and tried minor cases of matrimonial offences and breaches of religious observances. The Ketuas Kampong were officially appointed during the first decade of this century to help the Penghulus tackle the vast increase of work in the mukim ard control the large immigrant Malay communities in Perak and Selangor. The Ketua Kampong advised the Penghulu on village development, served notices, and discharged other minor duties. Generally Penghulus found Ketuas Kampong of local Malay origin easy to cope with and at times, not closely supervised by District Officers, left all the work to them. But Ketuas Kampong of immigrant stock, who formed the majority in Selangor, were extremely difficult to handle when they were hostile to the Penghulu. Such frictions fortunately were not frequent, and by the 1930's the Ketuas Kampong had come to provide the 'local touch' to the mukim administration in Selangor and Perak. To a significant extent, what the new breed of Penghulus lacked in village ties was corrected by the Ketuas Kampong."// (Yeo Kim Wah @ Australian National University, 1971: {{ :lampiran:b1292619x_yeo_kim_wah.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.25911/5d763685e225b|"British policy towards the Malays in the Federated Malay States, 1920-40"]], m.s. 90-91).
+[[start#pengakuan_pentingkami_bukan_ahli_sejarah|Pengakuan penting: Kami bukan ahli sejarah! Sila klik di sini untuk penjelasan lanjut.]]