harimau_malaya
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
harimau_malaya [2022/02/14 18:23] – [1905-10/11: Harimau di Bangi] sazli | harimau_malaya [2024/09/05 18:49] (kini) – [1905-10/11: Harimau di Bangi] sazli | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
+ | ====== Harimau Malaya ====== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Dirujuk oleh ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [[west_country_estate|West Country Estate]] | ||
+ | * [[sejarahbangi-1900-1909# | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | //" | ||
+ | ===== 1800-1900: Konflik Awal ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pada mulanya, seluruh kawasan pedalaman di rantau ini diliputi hutan belantara yang merupakan habitat semulajadi bagi pelbagai spesis haiwan, termasuk harimau. Konflik mula berlaku apabila manusia mula menerokai kawasan-kawasan tersebut, contohnya untuk tujuan perlombongan dan perladangan. Pada zaman kolonial, kegiatan ini dijalankan secara besar-besaran dan sistematik, sehingga banyak kawasan hutan diterangkan untuk tujuan tersebut, lalu memburukkan lagi keadaan. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Di Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera contohnya, pada tahun 1820-an, lebih ramai warga yang dibunuh oleh harimau, berbanding harimau yang dibunuh warga. Namun mulai tahun 1850-an, perkara sebaliknya mula berlaku: //"In sum, during the 1820s the number of people killed by tigers in Java was larger than the number of tigers killed, as was probably the case in Sumatra in the same period. In both regions this ratio would be reversed from the 1850s onward. From then on, people were a bigger threat to tigers than the other way around."// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Di Singapura, peningkatan konflik harimau dan manusia sekitar 1850-an adalah akibat pembukaan ladang gambir dan lada hitam secara besar-besaran: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sementara itu, pihak pentadbiran British di Malaya menawarkan upah bagi setiap ekor harimau yang dibunuh. Kadar upah biasanya $25 seekor, tapi berubah-ubah mengikut tahap ancaman. Ini adalah contoh surat pelekat yang disebarkan kepada warga di kawasan Serendah pada 14 Disember 1894, di mana hadiah tunai sebanyak $25 ditawarkan bagi setiap ekor harimau, dan digandakan kepada $50 seekor di kawasan yang kerap berlaku konflik, ketika itu di antara mukim Batu dan Serendah:- | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | //" | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | Bahawa inilah dinyatakan iaitu barangsiapa yang membunuh harimau di antara mukim Batu dengan Serendah di dalam tiga bulan dikirakan daripada tarikh surat pelekat ini maka diberi hadiah kelak seperti kebiasaannya iaitu pada seekor harimau yang dibunuh itu bolehlah mendapat hadiah daripada Government Selangor banyaknya dua puluh lima ringgit ($25) adanya. (Tandatangan) Gerald Brown, Pemangku Government Secretary, Termaktub di Office Government Secretary | ||
+ | Di Kuala Lumpur pada 14 Disember 1894."// | ||
+ | |||
+ | (Sumber: PEJABAT SETIAUSAHA KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR @ Arkib Negara Malaysia, 19/11/1894: {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | //" | ||
+ | |||
+ | Harimau Malaya adalah antara spesis yang relatif kecil berbanding spesis harimau India dan Manchuria (purata saiznya 8 kaki 4 inci). Ketika itu, populasinya di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ialah sekitar 3,000 ekor, dan daerah Ulu Langat adalah antara kawasan habitat utama mereka, selain Perak, sebahagian Pahang, dan Johor. Umumnya, manusia bukanlah makanan utama harimau, melainkan dalam keadaan tertentu, seperti persekitaran atau kecederaan yang dialami. Contohnya, seekor harimau di Ulu Langat dikatakan telah membaham 20 orang warga sebelum berjaya dibunuh pada tahun 1906, kemungkinan kerana kecederaan di kakinya yang memaksanya memburu hidupan yang kurang lincah seperti manusia (mungkin harimau yang dimaksudkan ialah [[harimau_malaya# | ||
+ | |||
+ | //" | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | Man-eating tigers are by no means rare, though it would appear that the Malayan tiger does not take to this form of diet so readily as its Indian brother, possibly because the Malay or Chinaman does not form so toothsome a morsel as the Kling or Bengali! One specimen shot in 1906 in Ulu Langat had been responsible for the death of over twenty Chinamen, and, contrary to the usual rule, was by no means decrepit or mangy, though a slight injury to the foot had probably rendered it difficult for the beast to pursue prey more agile and less slow-footed than human beings. \\ | ||
+ | During the year 1906 police rewards were paid for the destruction of seventy tigers, of which half were killed in Pahang, while during the same period seventeen leopards were brought in."// | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | (Sumber: Arnold Wright, 1908: [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Seorang pengurus ladang di sekitar Ipoh tahun 1910-an, {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 1903-09-24: Harimau di West Country Estate ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | //"On Thursday last one of the West Country Estate coolies was attacked by a tiger in the middle of a clearing, says the Malay Mail. Two other coolies were close by and their yells frightened the tiger, but not before the brute had lacerated the man's chest and back. The man is now in the Kajang hospital."// | ||
+ | |||
+ | **LATAR PERISTIWA: [[west_country_estate|West Country Estate]]**. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 1905-10/11: Harimau di Bangi ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pada Oktober atau November 1905, seorang pemotong kayu telah diserang seekor harimau di sekitar Bangi. Di dalam pergelutan itu, dengan bersenjatakan sebilah kapak, beliau telah menetak salah satu kaki belakang harimau itu sebanyak dua kali, lalu berjaya melepaskan dirinya. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Kira-kira satu atau dua bulan kemudian, pada pagi 7 Disember 1905, telah berlaku satu lagi serangan harimau di suatu lokasi terpencil di pinggir [[hutan_ayer_itam|Hutan Ayer Itam]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Kronologi peristiwa:- | ||
+ | |||
+ | * 7/12, 8 pagi: Harimau menyerang 3 orang pemotong kayu yang sedang keluar bekerja, 1.5 batu dari kediaman mereka di Batu 9 [[jalan_ayer_itam|Jalan Ayer Hitam]] (13.5 batu / 21.7 kilometer dari Kajang). Salah seorang daripada mereka menetak kepala harimau tersebut dengan sebilah parang. Harimau tersebut melarikan diri, dan semua terselamat. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * 7/12, 11.30 pagi: Harimau yang sama mengekori salah seorang pemotong kayu sejauh satu batu, sebelum menyerang lalu membunuhnya. Mayatnya dibawa lari. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * 8/12: Pasukan pencari dari Kajang, diketuai oleh individu bernama " | ||
+ | |||
+ | * 9/12 (pagi): Terdapat kesan darah di lokasi, dan bangkai harimau ditemui beberapa ela dari situ. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * 9/12 (malam): Bangkai harimau dibawa ke Kajang untuk dibedah siasat. Ukuran panjang badannya 8 kaki 8 inci (2.6 meter), dan dianggap agak besar. Di kakinya terdapat dua kesan luka tetakan, kemungkinan besar oleh pemotong kayu di Bangi 1-2 bulan sebelumnya. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Kulit harimau ini kemudiannya dibawa ke [[muzium_negara|Muzium Kuala Lumpur]], yang baru saja siap dibina. [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sepanjang tahun 1905 itu, sejumlah 16 orang mangsa korban harimau telah direkodkan di sekitar [[jalan_ayer_itam|Jalan Ayer Itam]]. Setelah terbunuhnya harimau ini, tiada lagi serangan harimau dilaporkan di situ. Berdasarkan pemerhatian ini, kemungkinan juga mangsa-mangsa tersebut adalah korban harimau yang sama. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ketika peristiwa ini berlaku, pekan Bangi sedang dibangunkan ([[awal_bangi# | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Sumber: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ ^ Tarikh ^ Butiran Keratan ^ | ||
+ | | {{: | ||
+ | | {{akhbar: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Gambaran lokasi secara kasar:- | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | Anggaran kawasan serangan harimau di pinggir [[hutan_ayer_itam|Hutan Ayer Itam]] pada 7/12/1905. \\ | ||
+ | **Kiri**: Berdasarkan peta yang hampir dengan tarikh kejadian (PEJABAT SETIAUSAHA KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR, 02/08/1905: {{ : | ||
+ | **Kanan**: Berdasarkan [[https:// | ||
+ | **Titik merah**: kediaman mangsa di Batu 9, Jalan Ayer Itam. \\ | ||
+ | **Bulatan ungu**: kemungkinan sekitar kawasan serangan, iaitu sekitar 1.5 batu dari lokasi kediaman. \\ | ||
+ | **Bulatan biru**: kemungkinan kawasan serangan di Bangi, 1-2 bulan sebelumnya. \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | **MAKLUMAT LANJUT: [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ketika pendudukan Jepun, pada 10 Mac 1945, [[muzium_negara|Muzium Kuala Lumpur]] telah terkena bom tentera udara Amerika Syarikat, menyebabkan kesemua koleksi bahan pameran yang terletak di bahagian kanan bangunan muzium mengalami kemusnahan. Koleksi muzium yang terselamat ditempatkan sementara di bilik darjah di Sekolah Convent Bukit Nenas, Kuala Lumpur sehingga akhir tahun 1945. Setelah British kembali memerintah, muzium sementara dibina pada 11 Februari 1953, sebelum dirobohkan pada tahun 1958, digantikan dengan Muzium Negara kini, yang siap sekitar tahun 1963. Tidak dapat dipastikan sama ada kulit harimau tersebut telah musnah atau hilang di sepanjang peristiwa ini. (Sumber: Jabatan Muzium Malaysia, 2016: {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | **LATAR PERISTIWA: [[jalan_ayer_itam|Jalan Ayer Itam]]** | ||
+ | |||
+ | **LATAR PERISTIWA: [[hutan_ayer_itam|Hutan Simpan Ayer Itam]]** | ||
+ | |||
+ | **LATAR PERISTIWA: [[muzium_negara|Muzium Kuala Lumpur / Muzium Negara]]** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Liputan peristiwa serangan harimau yang mungkin ada kaitan:- | ||
+ | * //"A Chinese wood-cutter has fallen a victim to a tiger four miles from Sungei Besi in Selangor. The poor fellow' | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Harimau hanya memakan manusia bila terdesak atau mengalami kecederaan atau kecacatan. Ia juga boleh merayau hingga sejauh 35 batu (Straits Echo, 2 August 1905, Page 4: {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * //"Mr. O.F.Stonor, of Kuala Kubu, writes... All the recent cases in Ulu Langat have occured, again roughly speaking, within a radius of about five miles from Kajang. This can scarcely be considered an extraordinarily wide beat for a tiger; and I am prepared to lay a modest wager that the destruction of a single authenticated man-eater will put an effectual stop to the whole business."// | ||
+ | |||
+ | * //"A tiger carried off a Chinese wood-cutter within a mile of Sungei Besi on Saturday last, while the man was at work with a companion."// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 1900-1950: Populasi Masih Stabil ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | //" | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | Fewer tigers were caught in the Siak area, because the market in Singapore had more or less disappeared. In Rokan, bounties were no longer paid out after 1932, whereafter the number of tigers increased. Others apparently continued their crusade, and it is therefore not clear whether the Depression made more than a dent in the figures.\\ | ||
+ | ....\\ | ||
+ | In sum, during the 1820s the number of people killed by tigers in Java was larger than the number of tigers killed, as was probably the case in Sumatra in the same period. In both regions this ratio would be reversed from the 1850s onward. From then on, people were a bigger threat to tigers than the other way around. \\ | ||
+ | ....\\ | ||
+ | Table 10.2. Estimated number of tigers in the four " | ||
+ | ^ ^ 1820 ^ 1900 ^ 1950 ^ | ||
+ | | Malaya | 2,000 | 3,000 | 3,000 | | ||
+ | | Sumatra | 7,000 | 6,500 | 6,500 | | ||
+ | | Java | 2,500 | 500 | 25 | | ||
+ | | Bali | 150 | 125 | 0 | | ||
+ | //"The 1950 figure for Malaya is given in the literature. The other two figures are based on the following assumptions. Environmental change between 1900 and 1950 was partly negative for tigers (more wet rice lands and urban areas), and partly positive (more secondary forest taking the place of primary forest). This implies that, on balance, tiger densities may not have changed much, the more so as hunting pressure was fairly low. Between 1820 and 1900 densities may have increased, as there was a growth of typical tiger habitats (secondary forest, etc). The estimated increase as given in Table 10.2 (1,000) is really pure guesswork and might err on the high side, so that a number of 2,500 tigers in Malaya in 1820 is perhaps equally likely. \\ | ||
+ | .... \\ | ||
+ | Tigers disappeared first in densely populated Residencies, | ||
+ | |||
+ | (Sumber: Peter Boomgaard, 2008: [[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 1950-Kini: Spesis Terancam ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | //" | ||
+ | |||
+ | //"The endangered status of the tiger in the larger part of the last century is a direct consequence of habitat loss and active persecution of tigers. The frequently quoted estimate of a reduction in tiger numbers from 100,000 to 5,000 during the 1900s directly reflects the severity of the habitat loss (Sec 1.3). Today, tigers number less than 3,000 as the cumulative impacts of all threats mentioned above in the recent past have taken a devastating toll, especially on India’s populations that used to constitute more than half of the total number of wild tigers. \\ | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | Although Malaysia still retains 45% of the land area as forest cover (FDPM, 2006) and there are other habitat types that support tigers (Kawanishi et al., 2003), the loss of majority of lowland forests in the last century certainly caused a great decline in the numbers of many large mammals, including tigers. Displaced animals have a higher tendency to be involved in conflict situations with humans, and are either physically removed by the authorities or killed by locals (Zainal Zahari et al., 2001)."// | ||
+ | |||
+ | (Sumber: Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia / Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara (PERHILITAN) Semenanjung Malaysia, 2008: {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | Populasi harimau Malaya di seluruh Semenanjung Malaysia kini kurang daripada 200 ekor sahaja. Antara faktor utama penurunan drastik ini yang telah dikenalpasti ialah konflik dengan manusia (contoh: pemburuan haram), kemerosotan alam sekitar dan kualiti habitatnya, serta jangkitan penyakit (Dennis Choon Yung Ten, Rohana Jani, Noor Hashida Hashim, Salman Saaban, Abdul Kadir Abu Hashim, Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah, 2021: {{ : | ||