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--- alur_ilmu [2025/08/09 10:29] – [Kajian Pencemaran (2017)] sazli
+++ alur_ilmu [2025/08/11 14:28] (kini) – [Perihal] sazli
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 **Kiri**: Peta aliran Sungai Alur Ilmu, dari hulunya di [[tasik_ghazali|Tasik Ghazali]] hingga hilirnya di Sungai Langat: //"Sungai Alur Ilmu is a 1.8 km waterways located at the core area of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. The Alur Ilmu UKM is a large storm water channel serves to store water and flows into Langat River. Originated from a hilly, forest area in front of Nuclear Science Building and flows nearby the buildings and compounds within the core area in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia."// (Siti Shaveera Shadip, 2020: {{ :lampiran:river.pdf ||}}[[https://anyflip.com/qygtk/bgsp/basic|"RIVER WITHIN CAMPUS"]]). \\
 **Kanan**: Sungai Alur Ilmu UKM @ Facebook, 18 Ogos 2014: [[https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=584595214995470&set=a.456225274499132|"Ketahui Kawasan tadahan Alur Ilmu"]]. \\
+{{:peta:peta-alurilmu-1962.png?450|Peta sekitar sungai asal Alur Ilmu (ditandakan biru muda), 1962}}{{:peta:peta-alurilmu-2025.png?450|Peta sekitar Alur Ilmu, 2025}} \\
+**Kiri**: Peta sekitar sungai asal Alur Ilmu (ditandakan biru muda), 1962 \\
+**Kanan**: Peta sekitar Alur Ilmu, 2025 ([[https://mapcarta.com/W800930166|Mapcarta]]).
+{{:peta:peta-alurilmu-1962-zoomed.png?300|Peta sungai asal Alur Ilmu (ditandakan biru muda), 1962}}{{:peta:peta-alurilmu-2025-zoomed.png?300|Peta Alur Ilmu, 2025}}{{:peta:peta-alurilmu-1962-2025-combined.png?300|Kombinasi kedua-dua peta}} \\
+**Kiri**: Peta sungai asal Alur Ilmu (ditandakan biru muda), 1962 \\
+**Tengah**: Peta Alur Ilmu, 2025 ([[https://mapcarta.com/W800930166|Mapcarta]]). \\
+**Kanan**: Kedua-dua peta ditindankan, untuk memperlihatkan lokasi pangkal Alur Ilmu kini ([[tasik_ghazali|Tasik Ghazali]]), di tengah-tengah lembah sungai asal, serta aliran Alur Ilmu yang sedikit sebanyak menelusuri sungai asal, melalui bangunan-bangunan utama UKM seperti Fakulti Sains, Perpustakaan Tun Seri Lanang, Pusanika, ATMA, dan Masjid UKM, sebelum dialirkan ke Sungai Langat.
 //"Alur Ilmu extends in the middle of the main campus of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), receiving water from Permenant Reserved Forest and Natural Education Forest (Hutan Simpan Kekal dan Hutan Pendidikan Alam) UKM. In 1970s, the natural stream of Alur Ilmu was modi-fied into concrete stormwater channel without changing its flow (Din et al. 2012). It serves as irrigation control for rain water, ground water and any type of fluid discharged along the campus into the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia (Mazlin et al., 2005)."// (Mohd Hafiyyan M, Lee KE, Mazlin M, Marfiah AW, Goh TL, Norbert S, Marlia MH, Azhar AH @ Asia Pacific Environmental and Occupational Health Journal (ISSN 2462 -2214), Vol 3 (1): 33 – 38, 2017: {{ :lampiran:2017_apeohj.pdf ||}}[[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331372868_Spatial_Distribution_of_Water_Quality_Index_in_Stormwater_Channel_A_Case_Study_of_Alur_Ilmu_UKM_Bangi_Campus|"Spatial Distribution of Water Quality Index in Stormwater
@@ Line 20: / Line 29: @@
 //"Alur Ilmu is a 1.79 km urban river long stretching across the main campus of the National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia before flowing into the Langat River. Figure 1a is the location of National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi Campus, Selangor, Malaysia. Figure 1b shows the location of the revitalization of water quality study through structural approach at first 500 m of Alur Ilmu urban river upstream, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia with sampling sites and the placement of the on-site water treatment system. The first 100 m of Alur Ilmu is located at the lowest elevation point of hilly terrain and flows with normal elevated terrain, closely surrounded by impervious area from building and impervious pavement. It receives water source from the Permanent Reserved Forest and Natural Education Forest (Hutan Simpan Kekal and Hutan Pendidikan Alam) UKM, rain water and stormwater runoff. Alur Ilmu has been reinforced from a natural river into a concreted urban river in 1970s concurrent with the construction of the first batch of UKM’s faculty buildings without changing its original flow (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 1978). Alur Ilmu serves as an irrigation system to remove excess water from impervious area nearby the urban river and avoid flooding. Alur Ilmu is a model of an urban river as it receives clean forest water from the upstream and surrounded by the growth of technology, social and economic activities along the urban river which convergences into Langat River at the downstream."// (Hafiyyan Mahmud, Khai Ern Lee, Mokhtar, M., Wahid, M.A. @ APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 16(3):2681-2699, 2018 - http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1603_26812699: {{ :lampiran:1603_26812699.pdf ||}}[[https://www.aloki.hu/indvol16_3.htm|"TECHNICAL STRATEGY FOR REVITALIZING URBAN RIVER WATER QUALITY THROUGH STRUCTURAL APPROACH AT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA (UKM) BANGI CAMPUS, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA"]], hlm.3).
-===== 2012-2018: Kajian Pencemaran =====
+===== 1999-2019: Kajian Pencemaran =====
-==== Kajian Pencemaran (2012) ====
+==== 2012: Hasil Kajian Pencemaran ====
 {{peta:alurilmu.png?450|Alur Ilmu}} \\
@@ Line 28: / Line 37: @@
 Nur Munirah Abdullah, Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin, 2012: {{ :lampiran:loading_concentrations_of_pollutant_in_a.pdf ||}}[[http://www.myjurnal.my/public/article-view.php?id=68208|"KEPEKATAN BEBAN BAHAN PENCEMAR DI ALUR ILMU KAMPUS UKM BANGI: KAEDAH MIN KEPEKATAN PERISTIWA (EMC)"]]).
-==== 2017: Kajian Pencemaran ====
+==== 2017: Hasil Kajian Pencemaran ====
 {{:gambar:alurilmu-pencemaran-2017.png?460|Figure 1. Alur Ilmu upstream and nearby buildings.}}{{:gambar:alurilmu-pencemaran-2017-02.png?440|Figure 2. Kriging models of WQI during raining season (above) and dry season (below).}}
@@ Line 39: / Line 48: @@
 Channel: A Case Study of Alur Ilmu, UKM Bangi Campus"]], hlm. 34-37).
-==== 2018: Kajian Rawatan Air (Dibina Januari 2016) ====
+==== 2018: Hasil Kajian Rawatan Air (Dibina Januari 2016) ====
 {{:gambar:alurilmu-wetland.png?900|}}
@@ Line 47: / Line 56: @@
 From the aforementioned criteria, the selected on-site water treatment systems were constructed wetland, permeable pavement wall and floating treatment wetland. Figure 4 depicts the selected on-site water treatment systems used to revitalize Alur Ilmu water quality. All of the water treatment systems were fully deployed to Alur Ilmu on January 2016. The three water treatment systems were opted to complement Alur Ilmu’s site profile through which Alur Ilmu is located close to human development and economic activities, i.e. faculty infrastructures, cafe and tarred road, hence the water quality is susceptible to water pollution. Surrounded by impervious hilly terrain, the concreted urban river received large surface runoff during rain. The constructed wetland was placed at the upstream of Alur Ilmu as it is effective to sink suspended solids using Bent Flag Alligator (Thalia geniculate). Permeable pavement wall and floating treatment wetland were selected because of flexible design criteria which can be retrofitted into the minimum available space of Alur Ilmu and effective on domestic water pollution and surface runoff. Four free-floating plants were studied to remove NH3-N, TSS, and BOD concentration in the water sample."//
+(Sumber: Hafiyyan Mahmud, Khai Ern Lee, Mokhtar, M., Wahid, M.A. @ APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 16(3):2681-2699, 2018 - http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1603_26812699: {{ :lampiran:1603_26812699.pdf ||}}[[https://www.aloki.hu/indvol16_3.htm|"TECHNICAL STRATEGY FOR REVITALIZING URBAN RIVER WATER QUALITY THROUGH STRUCTURAL APPROACH AT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA (UKM) BANGI CAMPUS, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA"]], hlm.10).
-===== 2019: Kajian Kualiti Air =====
+==== 2019: Hasil Kajian Kualiti Air ====
 //"Keseluruhan panjang sungai ini adalah sekitar 1.79km bermula dengan stesen persampelan pertama iaitu di Tasik Ghazali dan berakhir di Masjid UKM. Masalah kualiti air yang kian meruncing dari semasa ke semasa telah menyebabkan keadaan fizikal Alur Ilmu dilihat semakin tercemar dan tidak menyenangkan. Justeru, satu kajian kualiti air yang terkini telah dilakukan bermula pada Jun 2019 sehingga Ogos 2019 dengan menggunakan kaedah ex-situ dan in-situ di kawasan kajian. Parameter kajian yang terlibat adalah seperti Oksigen Terlarut (DO), Permintaan Oksigen Kimia (COD), Jumlah Pepejal Terampai (TSS), Pemintaan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD), pH dan Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N). Sebanyak empat kali data diambil untuk mewakili kajian semasa cuaca kering dan sebanyak lima kali semasa cuaca basah atau selepas hujan. Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA) oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) Malaysia telah digunakan untuk mengukur tahap pencemaran dan kesesuaian jenis guna air seperti yang disarankan oleh Piawaian Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (NWQS). Seterusnya, keseluruhan hasil kajian dibandingkan untuk membezakan keadaan kualiti air semasa cuaca kering dan cuaca basah. Penggunaan aplikasi ArcGIS turut digunakan dalam konteks spatial khususnya untuk mewakili hasil data IKA di setiap stesen persampelan yang telah ditetapkan. Dapatan kajian mendapati, keadaan stesen persampelan di bahagian hulu dan tengah Alur Ilmu mencatatkan kelas IKA yang tercemar berbanding di kawasaan hilir. Kemerosotan kualiti air di stesen persampelan hulu dan tengah Alur Ilmu adalah disebabkan oleh keterdedahan kawasan stesen